Monochromator



March 17, 1953 M. J. E. GOLAY 2,631,489

' MONOCHROMATOR Filed Jan. 12. 1949 2 SHEETS-SI-IEET 1 I TO RECORDER PLIF ER RECTI HER J DETECTOR 1N VEN TOR. Marvel [5. fza/aq DWJZB MAM March 17, 1953 M. J. E. GOLAY 2,631,489

MONOCHROMATOR Filed Jan. 12. 1949 k 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 ZWA blg W ame: g

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BY jlarte/ J1?! fiolaq Patented Mar. 17 1953 UNITED STATES PATENT orrice Marcel J. E. Golay, West End, N. J.

Application January 12, 1949, Serial No. 70,405

'7 Claims.

This invention relates to spectrometry and more particularly to infrared spectrophotometry.

It is an object of this invention to provide an infrared monochromator which has an increased radiative output.

It is an object of this invention to provide a spectrophotometer which an increased signal to 'acteristics.

It is a :further object 'of this invention to provide a spectrometer having greater spectral resolution.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide a recordingspectrophotometer which has an increased signal to noise ratio or a greater speed of recording or greater resolution or a combination of these improvements.

With these and other objects in mind reference is had to the attached drawings illustrating one practical embodiment of theinvention and in which:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view shown in section and blocks illustrating the general arrangement of a spectrophotometer of my invention;

Fig. 2 is a front elevation of a scanning disc used in the spectrophotometer of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 a front elevation of another scanning disc used in the spectrophotometer of Fig. i;

Fig. 4 is a plan view or a scribing device for marking the scanning discs of this invention; and

Fig. Eris a block diagram of a computing circuit :for determination of the light transmitting pattern of the scanning disc of this invention.

In general this invention is'directed to increasing the radiation analyzed in an infrared spectrophotometer While maintaining the resolving power of the spectrophotometer, as reflected inthe records made by the recording instruments.

monochrom'ator is a part, a radiation beam in which the radiations it is desired to select and measure has a distinguishing characteristic which makes it easily selectable and measured by the detector, this measure being substantially unaliected by the other radiations. This distinguishing characteristic can be a time modulation, and this time modulation can be obtained by various means. One such means is 'an"on and ofi blocking of the slits in the spectrum to pass the unwanted radiations ata uniform'ihtensi'ty while passing and blocking alternately the wanted radiations. At the same time a definite signalis obtained to marl: the on and off periods of the wanted radiations and this definite signal is utilized to transform the signal fluctuations registered by the detector and amplified in the associated circuits into a direct electrical output current which provides a measure of said wanted radiation. Methods and means for obtaining'a direct current which contributes a measure of the fluctuations of said wanted radiation are disclosed and described in my co-pending application, Serial No. 24,204, filed April 30, 1948, Patent No. 2,502,319, entitled Method and Apparatus for Measuring Radiation. The term monoch-romator as used in the description of this invention refers to a device for dispersing a spectrum and imparting a distinguishing character to one or more selected portions of the dispersed spectrum while not necessarily rejecting the remainder of the dispersed spectrum.

In Fig. 1 a spectrophotometer is shown incorporating the monochromator is of this invention. Radiation and more particularly infrared radiation emanating from a source I l which may rhea Nernst lamp, a globar or other suitable device produces a beam l2 which, after reflection by a flat mirror l3 and by a concave mirror I 4 produces an image of source ll which substantially fills entrance aperture H. The radiation passed by aperture 11 is collimated by a second concave mirror 20, dispersed by prism I9, reflected by Littrow mirror 2i, dispersed asecond time byprism l9 and reconverged by mirror 20 on the exit aperturc I8 after reflection by fiat mirror 22. The

emerging beam is reflected by mirror Mi and reconverged by concave lens '24 on a detector 26 which may be a thermopile, or a ibolometer, or a pneumatic infrared detector, or a photocell, or any other suitable detector of radiant energy which yields an electrical output. For the purposes of this description the detector 26 and its attached amplifier and rectifier--31 are assumed to be the same as the detectorand amplifier and rectifier shown and described in my above-mentioned co-pending application and the output of the amplifier-rectifier 3! is conducted by lead 32 to a suitable recorder.

To eiTect the on and oii modulation of the wanted radiation while maintaining the unwanted radiations at a substantially constant level, entrance and exit apertures H and iii are subdivided into a number of slits and as shown and described herein, the apertures H and [8 include six slits for the sake of illustration. Furthermore the monochromator is provided with two ynchronously rotating opaque discs 2'! and 28, the outer portions of which are adjacent to entrance and exit apertures l1 and i8 respectively and are slotted to permit radiation transmission. Figs. 2 and 3 illustrate the slotting arrangement of said discs and their positions with respect to the six slits constituting the entrance and exit apertures I! and I8. Fig. 2 shows the disc 2! asviewed from the left end of spectrometer In as shown in Fig. l, and Fig. 3 shows disc 23 as viewed from the top of the drawing to the bottom of the drawing as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2 the six entrance slits of the entrance aperture II are shown partly in dotted outline behind the disc 2? and are numbered 4! to 46 respectively. In Fig. 3 the exit slit member i8 and its six slits iii to 55 are shown partly in dotted outline. The slots 48 and 49 transmit radiation and are formed in six discontinuous circles having the axis of rotation Y 40 and 50 of the discs 21 and 28 as a center, in each of the discs 21 and 28, and in adjacence to the six slits in each of the entrance and exit apertures l1 and I8. The six entrance slits t! to 48 and the six exit slits to 56 are correlated in position with respect to each other and the optics of Y the monochromator. The radiation treated in this invention may be made up of a rang of component radiations. These component radiations each may be considered as a portion of thespectrum it is desired to study. This portion of 'the spectrum or component of the radiation has certain physical distinguishing characteristics, whether it is part of the entire radiation treated by the apparatus of this invention or whether it is separated therefrom and is treated singly or by itself. When the portion of the spectrum it is desired to study, and which is also designated as *wanted radiation, enters through slit 4| and egresses through slit 5!, the same portion of the spectrum will enter through slit 42 and egress through slit 52, and pairs of slits 43 and 53, id and 54, 45 and 55, and 46 and 56, will likewise be corresponding slits for the desired portion of the spectrum. Referring to the desired portion of the spectrum, it is meant that for any given set- 'ting of the apparatus of this invention there will be a portion of the spectrum or a component of the radiation treated which will get preferential treatment from the apparatus. This portion of the spectrum or component of the radiation treated has definite physical characteristics which distinguish and identify it when it is both a part of the entire spectrum of the radiation treated and when it is single or alone.

The modulation of the radiation passing through the monochromator lil is affected by synchronously rotating discs 27 and 28. The complete period of rotation of the discs 21 and 28 is divided for the purposes of this description into eight time intervals characterized by eight fsections marked I to VIII in a clockwise direcf tion around each of the discs 2! and 28. Time intervals I to IV inclusive will be referred to as the first half period and time intervals V to VIII in- 4 elusive will be referred to as the second half period.

From the arrangement of the slits 4| to 46 and slots 48 illustrated in Fig. 2, it will be seen that the wanted radiation which passes in through the center of slit 4! and out through slit 5| will be blocked during the first half period either by disc 2'! or disc 28, whereas it will be allowed to pass duringintervals VI and VIII when slits 4| and 5! are simultaneously uncovered by' slots 48 and 49. Likewise, the passage of the wanted radiation through all the centers of the pairs of corresponding slits will be blocked by one or the other disc during the first half period Whereas the passage of the wanted radiations will be allowed for two of the four time intervals in the second half period.- On the other hand, it will be seen that an unwanted portion of the spectrum passin through the spectrometer through the center of entrance slit 4! and outthrough the center of exit slit 5% will be blocked at all times, and likewise the unwanted radiations passing through entrance and exit slits 42 and 55, 43 and 56, 44 and-5|, 45 and 52, and 4B and 53, respectively, will be blocked at all times. Further, the passage of unwanted radiation in and out through the centers of any other noncorresponding pairs of slits will be allowed during one of the four time intervals of each half period and blocked during the other time intervals. Summarizing, the wanted radiation is blocked during the first half period and is permitted to pass through all of the corresponding pairs of slits for two out of four of the intervals in the second half period, whereas unwanted radiation is blocked from passing at any time through six of the noncorresponding pairs of entrance and exit slits and is permitted to pass through the other noncorresponding pairs of slits one out of the four time intervals in each of the half periods. Consequently, the wanted radiation is concentrated in the second half period whereas the unwanted radiation is distributed in 'must have a small built-up time constant when compared to the period of rotation of the discs, as well as a long decay time constant when compared to the same period. The amplified voltage derived from the amplifier is rectified in syncronism with the on and off half-periods of the wanted radiation in the sense that it produces a direct current which is a measure of the excess of radiative energy reaching the detector during the on half period when compared to the radiative energy reaching the detector during the off half period. The electronic processes employed for this purpose are well-known in the art and it will be readily realized that the electrical measure thus obtained reflects the wanted radiation only since the same amount of unwanted radiative energy reaches the detector during the on half period and during the off half period. The synchronizing signals needed for performing this synchronous rectification are generated by photocell 3! which is excited during one half period by the radiation 35 from source 36 while during the other half period the radiation 35 from the ,and 3 will be represented by the ,two following rectangular patterns in which the left half represents the first half period during which "the wanted radiation is ofi.and-the right half represents the second half period during which the wanted radiation is on half of the time.

The time intervals .are .indicatedlhorizontally across the page whereas the slits are presented vertically. Taking 131105,)v and" fm*(t) to express the time modulation of "the m entrance slit and exit slit, respectively, the various functions of t are represented by the successive values, "zero or one (1') indicated in the various rows. The passage or non-passage-of the wanted 'and unwanted radiation may be determined from the study of the successive columns of the first pattern-and of the corresponding columns of the second pattern.- "Furthermore, since the second patternis "identical to the first pattern except .-:that thecleft half of. both patterns are the reverse of each othenonly the 'firstpatte'rn will beshown in whjatyfollows, Thesgeri'erationof the functions fmitb, which will (be, referred to :as binary functions or the first kind, can be effected arithmetically as follows. Consider the simple. square pattern:

.01 :This pattern can be iterated-into dimensions -with' the convention "that every iterationwill iconsistin adding to the right -of and below any pattern thus formed, another identical but .rsin'fted pattern; and completing the square with afourth pattern, formed by replacing the zeros -;(-0) by Ones (1) in the other :three patterns and vice versa. Performingthisioperati'on three times onthe pattern I 1' i o yields, successively:

' CHART It will be immediately recognized that if the first and fifth row in the third of the. four patterns just written are suppressed, the remainder of said pattern is a replica of the rectangular pattern given earlier to represent schematically the slot pattern of Fig. '2.

It can be verified that if the first and ninth rows or the pattern of sixteen (16) given above are suppressed, the remaining fourteen ('14) rows form binary functions of the first kind, 'fmd), which, together with the complementary functions if (t) satisfy the relation:

where t represents the abscissa in the rectangu- 'lar pattern of sixteen (16) and varies from zero ('0) at the left to one (1) at the right, where fm*(-t) is equal to fm(t) between t= /2 and 15:1, and is the reverse of fmi(t) between t '0 and t= /2, in the sense that in said last mentioned interval fm*'('t') is one (1) where had) was zero (0) and vice versa, and where the weight function and) has the value minus one (-1) between i=0 and t= /2, and the value plus one (+1) between -t= /2 and i=1. It is therefore apparent that up to fourteen (14) of the binary functions of the first kind expressed by the pattern of sixteen (16) can be utilized for as many circular strips in disc "2?, while their complementary functions can be utilized for the strips of disc 28, whereby the output of the spectrograph can be increased up to seven ('7) times. I y

In what has preceded, a detector of radiation has been postulated which is so faithful and quickly responsive that it has the facility of integrating uniformly the-radiative input of every half period, while the synchronous rectification of its electrical output gives the weight p(t)=1,

' to all radiative inputs registered during the first fit half or ofi period, which corresponds to values of t comprised between'zero (0) and one half /2), and the :weight p ('1t)=+1 to all radiative inputs registered during the second half period, which corresponds to values of t comprised between one half /2) andone (1). However, the postulation of this particular form of the weight function is equivalent to the postulation of a detector whose output in response to a square wave input has also a square-wave forml' It is well known that far infrared detectors form an important class "of detectors whose characteristics exhibit a marked departure from the ideal characteristics permitting the employment of the weight function p(t) postulated above. Any practical system of slit modulation should, therefore, take into account such forms of 1005) as can be readily realized. One such form of p(t) has been postulated which corresponds to the assumption that the detector employed responds to the fundamental frequency of a square wave having the same period as the period of rotation of the discs, but has a negligible response to the third and higher harmonics of such a square wave. The weight function which corresponds to such an assumption is a sine wave having the form sin 21rt.

If this weight function is introduced in the integral given above, the form of this integral becomes f fm(t) ,,(t) sin 2mm, and it will be readily verified that the functions fm(t) and f (t), which are represented by the successive rows in the patterns of eight (8) and sixteen (16) and by the same rows in which the left half has been inverted, respectively, do not, in general, reduce said integral to zero. However, it must be recalled that when radiations having an unwanted wave length enter, for instance, through slit 4i and pass through slit 52, other radiations having the same said unwanted wave length will also enter through slit 42 and pass through slit 53, etc. If, as will be the case in an efficient optical system, aperture I! is uniformly illuminated, the overall effect of radiation having said unwanted wave length will be represented by the sum In order to facilitate the visualization of the processes and quantities involved in forming these sums, the pattern of fourteen (14) formed by the fourteen (14) utilized rows of the pattern of sixteen (16) shown previously, have been shown below as Chart IV and underneath these rows is a first row of numbers which, for each column, indicate the number of strips through which said unwanted radiation can enter disc 27 (which will now be assumed, together with disc 28, to have strips accommodating l4 entrance and 14 exit slits) and pass through a strip of disc 28 which is contiguous and just inside the strip corresponding to the strip through which said unwanted radiation has entered the monochromator. These numbers are readily obtained by counting, for every column of the left half of the pattern, the number of ones (1) underneath which is a zero and for every column in the right half of the pattern, the number of contiguous pairs of ones (1) CHART IV Likewisa'th'e sulii m 22f (017m which refers to unwanted radiation, leaving the spectrograph through strips which are inside of and two strips removed from the strip corresponding to the entrance strip, can be obtained by counting, within each column, the number of ones .(1) which are two lines above a. zero (0) in the left half of the pattern, or two lines above another one (1) in the right half of the pattern. This sum is shown in the second line of numbers below the pattern of fourteen.

The third and fourth row of numbers are the sums m 0 Zf-( f..+=

and

m Emerald) respectively.

If now we study the integrals Ii f a .7 "+5 sin 21rt6t is a rational and discontinuous function, whereas sin 21rt is a continuous and irrational function, the only property which said two types of function can share is symmetry, and the functions will satisfy said last integral if they satisfy one of the following conditions:

a. Any one of said functions has the same value when t: a..

b. Any one of said functions has the same value when t=a and when t= +a.

c. Any one of said functions is the sum of two functions fulfilling the conditions a and b.

It will be readily verified that neither of the functions represented by the four lines of numbers given under the pattern of fourteen (14) fulfill any one of the conditions above, and the production of patterns yielding functions which satisfy condition a, or condition b, will be described in what follows.

Consider the simple pattern and apply to this pattern a two dimensional iteration process whereby passage from a pattern of 2" elements on the side to a pattern of 2 elements on the side is obtained as follows. The upper left quarter and the upper right quarter of the Z+ pattern are each a reproduction of the 2" pattern. The lower left quarter of the Z? pattern is symmetrical to the upper left quarter with respect to the horizontal median line, and the lower right quarter is formed by translating the lower left quarter and replacing 9 theories (1 by: zeros. (.0) and vice: versa. The; first four patterns formed: in this manner and starting with the elementary pattern are shown in the following chart.

CHART V 00. 0000 0000 0000v ordinal Cyclic 01 0101' 0101 0101 Numbers Progres- 0110. 0110' 0110' sio'n' 00110011 0011 V 0011 1100' 0000' 0000' 0000 0000 0000 0000' 0 0110 1001 0001 0001 0101v 0101 0101 0101- 1' 0101 1010i 0010 0011 0110. 0110. 0110 0110v 0 0000 1111 0011 0010 0011 0011 0011 0011 0 0100 0110 0011 1100 0011. 1100 1 0101 0111 0110 1001 0110 1001 0. 0110 0101 0101 1010 0101 1010 0 0111 0100 0000 1111 0000 15111 0 1000 1100. 0000 1111 1111 0000 0. 1001 1101 0101 1010' 1 010 0101 0" 1010 1111 0110 1001 1001 0110 0 1011 1110 0011 1100 1100 0011 1 1100 1010 0011' 0011 1100 15100 0' 1101 1011 0110 0110 1001 1001 1 1110 1001 0101 0101. 1010 1010 1 1111* 1000' 0000 0000 1111: 11'11'0 1 interval 0426 1537 7351 6240' Zinter-vals 0743 2561 6125- 4307- 3 intervals 0352 3245 5423 2530 4 intervals 0066 4422 4422 0066 The two quadruple columns of numbers writ ten besides the'pattern of sixteen (16) are the binary ordinal number of the successive rows of said pattern, starting at four zeros, and the corresponding so-called cyclicprogression numbers. The first binit (the term binit is utilized tn describe any one of the characters forming-a binary number, and is to the binary code what the digitis tothe decimal code) of both binaryand: cyclic progression numbers are identical,

and the nth binit of the-cyclic progression numher is obtained by reenteringthe (n1) st and the nth bin-itsof' the binary number, in the sense that the re-entry of a zero (0) and a zero ('0), and the re-entry of a one (1) and a one (1) are both a zero (0), and the re-entry of a zero (0) and acne (1'), or vice versa, is a one (1). V The individual element of the pattern of sixteen (16''), in particular, and of any pattern of 2" in general, whichis made in accordance with the last described iteration process, can be determined by writing immediately above each other the ordinal binarynumber of the column of said element (starting: the column number count at the left with zero) and the cyclic progression number" the arithmetical sumof said products is even or odd, respectively.

The four lines of numbers below the pattern of sixteen ('16) represent the four functions t r... 0) far forthe values of s which are 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectivelm. and! where the functions find) and.

fm*'(t.) represent, respectively, and. for. succes sivej, values of' m, the successive. rows of said pattern of sixteen ('16) and the successive rows. o fthe complementary pattern of sixteen formed byrepl'acing the zeros (0) by ones (1), and vice versajin the. left half of said patternof sixteen It will benotedthat. the functions I 1 ,zsfimi lfiaad 7 sati'stxrconditiomaz.

In order for. all functions.

to satisfy conditions a or b a last transformation of the pattern of sixteen isneeded, and is accomplished by means of what will be termed binary functions of the second-hind, the gen.- eration of which will be described later.

been written in the vertical line. at the right. of the last. written pattern of sixteen (16). The

pattern is corrected by means of said binary function of; the second kind, in the sense that. all rows for which the odd binary function is a one (l)r have their ones (1) replaced by zeros.

(0) and vice versa, whereas the other: rows remain unchanged. The pattern thus obtained is shown below as. Chart. VIand the lines of nunbers in this pattern' and which represent the:

new functions if... 0) ram can be seen to satisfy condition a when s is'od'd,

and to satisfy condition; 11 whenv sis even.

1 interval Zintervals 3 intervals 4 intervals The generation of the particular'binary runetion of the secondkind chosenin the Chart has been obtained for the upper half of the pattern'of sixteen (16) by observing when the last case when the last three binits are zero;

The odd binary function must be symetrica'l" with respect to the horizontal median line, which furnishes the condition that below the median line either the last twoibinits of the last saidord-i nalnumber be ones (1) or that'the second and third binits oflast said number be ones ('1).

The various arithmetical operations shown above can be carried out by longhand eomputa' tion and" the strips canbe cut in the discsby' a manual operation in accordance with the patterns thus computed. A more mechanical process can consist of recording the. variouspatterns' asholes in a continuous tape Which'can befed to. an automatic machi-ne for the operation off marking the discs; the same tape being used; over-and over for cutting man-y discs. Also, the- Any. one of many binary functions of the. second kind can bechosen and one of these functions has computation of the various patternscan be made automatically by means of a computer, this last method being preferable when a great many slots must be cut in a disc. For instance, should one desire to make slots along 1024 concentric circles, each circle being divided into 102M2 parts, 1,048,576(2 individual operations would be needed to calculate the on or ofi character of the complete patterns and it could be preferable to perform these arithmetical operations automatically. Fig. 4 illustrates a scribing machine 51 designed to make the slots in a disc for operation in a spectrometer of this invention and will be described more fully below. Fig. 5 illustrates in a schematic block diagram a computer 58 designed to perform automatically the computation of a pattern of sixteen by sixteen and which is shown as controlling the operation of the scriber mechanism of Fig. 4.

- The central portion of the computer shown in Fig. 5 consists of an eight-stage binary counter comprising stages C-I, CII, C-III, C-IV, C-V, C-VI, C-VII and C-VIII. If the computer is utilized while a disc is being cut, for every sixteenth of a turn of a disc on master wheel 60 an impulse adding one to the number registered by the counter 59 is fed to the first stage C-I. The state of stage C-VIII is gated by gate G-4 with the state of stage C-IV in the sense that only one of the four combinations of states of stages C-IV and C-VIII will cause either a one (1) or a zero to be placed by a gate G4 in the general re-entry circuit R. Further, the states of the successive stage pairs C-V-C-VI, C-V'I-C-VII, and C-VIIC-VIII, are re-entered in re-entry circuits R-l, R-2, Rr-3 respectively, and the outputs of these re-entry circuits are gated with the stages 0-1, 0-11 and C-III by gates GI, G2 and G3, respectively, the output of these gates being fed to the general re-entry circuit R. Finally, the stage C-VIII is re-entered with the stages C-V, C-VI and C-VII and these re-entries-are gated by pairs in gates G- and G-6, the output of these gates being also fed to the general re-entry circuit R which determines the even or odd character of the number of gate outputs of one kind and generates correspondingly a signal which is utilized to decide whether or not the corresponding portion of the disc will have a slot out.

In a computer designed for the eneration of a pattern of 2 2 there will be 2n counter stages, n-l re-entries between the successive pairs of counters from Cn-l to 02:1, n-1 gatings of said re-entries with the first n-l counter stages, a gating of stages Ca and C2n, n1 re-entries of the last stage with stages Cn+l to (3211-1 inclusive, n-2 gatings between the successive last named re-entries, and a general re-entry circuit for all said gates.

It can be easily verified that a 2n stage counter with only it gates between the counter pairs Cm- Cm1L and a general re-entry circuit can be utilized to generate the patterns first mentioned in this application, in which the iteration process forming a lower left quarter consists in shifting downwards the upper left quarter, whereas the introduction of the re-entries shown below the last four (n) counter-stages in Fig. 5 serve to change the iteration process just mentioned to one where the upper left quarter of a pattern is flopped over to form a lower left quarter which is symmetrical to the upper left quarter. Finally, the re-entry and gates shown above the counter in Fig. 5 serve to generate the binary functions of to make all sum functions 'm zfmomac) satisfy condition b.

While the circuit illustrated by Fig. 5 indicates that pairs of successive stages are re-entered in the blocks shown below the counters, patterns exhibiting the same desired symmetry could be obtained by reentering stage C211. with any of the stages Cn+2 to C21L-1 inclusive, and gating this re-entry with stage Cn-l, then re-enterin the chosen stage with any of the remaining stages in the Cn+2 to C2n1 group and gating this re-entry with stage Cn-2 and continuing thus from any last chosen stage in said group to any not yet chosen stage until they have all been utilized for reentries, and then re-entering the last chosen stage with stage Cn+l and gating this last re-entry with stage C-I.

Furthermore, while the circuit illustrated by Fig. 5 indicates that the successive re-entries formed by the blocks shown above the counters are gated with each other, patterns having the desired symmetry could also be obtained by gating the re-entry at the right as shown in Fig. 1, and formed by re-entering stages Cn-i-l and C212. with any of the other re-entries, and continuing gating the last-chosen re-entry with any of the not yet chosen re-entries until all the re-entries shown above the counter have been used.

It is thus apparent that the circuit shown below the counter could be connected in (12-2)! ways, and that the circuit shown above the counter could also be connected in (n2) ways.

The blocks of Fig. 5 represent operations which can be performed in various ways well known in the art, utilizing means which could be electronic tubes or electrical relays.

While Fig. 1 illustrates the employment of slits and of discs circularly slotted, it will be apparent that if discs are made with fine slots these slots themselves can constitute the entrance and exit slits and members I! and I B can be dispensed with, provided a mask with a suitable aperture is substituted for one or both of said member in order to restrict the utilized focal surface of the monochromator to that portion of it which is optically satisfactory. Furthermore, While Fig. 1 illustrates the employment of discs of uniform thickness which are self-supporting, it may be practical to re-enforce these discs with radial ribs, or to support them with a disc of material which is substantially transparent to the radiation it is desired to analyze. For instance, if it is desired- The diiference of the curvature of the circular,

slots which form the entrance and exit slits in the absence of members I! and I8 should preferably be equal to the curvature calculated for,

one exit slit when one straight entrance slit is used, in order to realize as much resolving power as possible. As this may result in the utilization of slots and discs which differ widely in diameter,

this may also result in a non-correspondence of the entrance and exit slot modulations over the entire utilized portion of the slots. This undesirable effect can be minimized in various ways. One way could consist of choosing'discs having diameters: whichare ina. simple ratiasuch; as.

3/2 and in gearing the. twodi'scs with the same gear ratio-so that the speeds-of their utilized outer portions are approximately equal; It then the desired patterns are repeated twice around the small disc and three; times-iaroundathe lar disc, the image of'one' disc on the: other disc through the optical system or the monochromaton define a modulationofthe four quadrants of siieteenslots, the unwanted radiation would still be distributed equally both halr'per-iods provided,

however, that the-i=lluminatiorr ofthe utilizedfpor tion of the entrance slots were uniform Fig. 4" illustrates" the mechanical portion ofthe ruling engine by means of which transparent: slotsare cut through opaque layers: deposited on transparent discs: This-cutting'iscarried out in accordance with a schedule which can be determined by the computer 5-8- such as shown in Fig. 5, or by prefabricated tapes: The ruling engine 5! is comprised of a main wormgear 68 with a number of: teeth which'i-s preferably an integral power oftwo- 2) such asl'fi, as hasbeen assumed for'the computershown or 32; 64-, 128*, etc. The gear 66 carries the disc 6| on its upper surface. The disc is coated with an opaque layer and a scribing toolBZ serves to alternadtcly out transparent slots and leave the opaque layer intactin accordance with-the commands received from the computer 88 by" anelectro-ma-gnet as which has an armature 64 connected to thescribing tool 62' bymeans of'acord 65 A motor 66 drives a shaft GT and-turns-a worm 68. The shaft 61' carries a shuttered disc 69 which serves to-interru-pt the light beam from the lamp ll! to photocell Ff, energized by source 12. Theelec'trical impulses thus pro duced in the output photocelli F aretransmitted to computer 58 where they serve to time the electronic impulses delivered to electr c-magnet 63. A1- worm 13 mounted" on shaft- 61 engages a worm'gear 14 mounted on a shaft 1-5 Another worm; 15 mounted cn-shait-lfi is geared with wormgear !T which drives a. worm Hi-through a. shaft 19:

By: the. rotation of the shaft",- H5 a carriage carrying the scribing tool 62- is displaced. The combined motions of thegear cc andthe scribing tool 62 cause the shape ot the cutouttransparent slots to be spiral rather perfectly circular,

for the circular shape would demand that the tools Gi bestationaryfor one complete turn of the gear Stand then be'displacedby the desired This procedurewould require a. more complicated; albeitdistance between successive slots.

terns: represented by the functionsfintt) and-- fmft) are ruled only once aroundboth entrance and: exit discs. Thedisc 61 isdetachablymounted on theuppe-r main surface-of 'gearGD and after the ruling operation iscompleted can" be removed for installation in a monochromatoras-illustrated in Figz 1. V

"When discs with a great manrslot's -are used;

oft'he' order of a hundred, Iiprefernottospace" these slots. at: exactly equal distances apart, but: in the case of the optical arrangementillustrated by Fig. 1, I prefer to decrease the spacing of" the entrance slots progressively from. the edge of disc. 21 towards the center, or to increase pro-v gressively' the spacing of the exit strips. from. the edge of disc 28 towards the center, or to do both, in order to effect a readily calculablezcorrection for the circumstance that aprogressive- 1y increasing departure from minimum deviation occurs for rays which'enter the: apparatus at distances from the optical increasingly greater center;

As an alternate method of obtaining the same modulating result as described herein, wobbling; the Littrow mirror provides avery rapid examination of the spectrum and eliminates the use of rotating discs.

which are either open. or closed in accordance, for-instance, with thepattern of the. first eighth,

ninth and' sixteenth columns of the patternshown in Chart V1, for the entrance slits, and

Y in accordance. with the same four columns except for thereversal oi the first and eighth columns for the exit slits. When the radiation passing through the-exit slits corresponding to first and yielding a signal $2, the difi'erence signal S'z-S'1 will be a measure of the wanted radiation, while the unwantedradiation which is di vided into substantially equal amounts for the two. detectors will not be substantiallyreflected as well as. lack-s oi? symmetry similar to those encountered when" departing from the condition of minimum deviation in the case of prismatic dispersion, could be equally well calculated and corrected' by one versed and skilled in the art. Thespectrometric system of concave and flat mirrors,

aiprism and a Littro w mirror described herein"- and shown in Fig. l is merely illustrative of a radiation analyzer apparatus. Any conventional spectrometer for separation of radiation can be adjusted to accommodate the widening of the entrance and exit apertures and the modulations of the radiation of this invention. In practice the entrance and'exit apertures l1 and It may be replaced by one or two simple masks" with the slots. of? the discs acting simultaneously as entrance and exit slits to select the radiations and as on and off slits to modulate the radiations." Consequently the discs alone may be inserted in a variety of spectrometers and by adjustment of" the components produce the above described results.

There areundoubtedly many' modulation schemes other than those described herein which could serve to impart a distinguishing characteristic toone ormore portions of" the spectrum ana--. lyzed by'a multi-slitspectrometen; For instance,,. the-various entrance and" exit slits. couldbe sihu;

soidally' modulated or modulated on a regular In this case the discs are re placed by an immovable quadruple row of slits on -off basis characteribed by arithmetically progressing fundamental frequencies for the suc-I cessive entrance and exit slits, and the radiation emerging from the monochromator would be characterized by the difference or sum frequencies which correspond each to a portion of the spectrum. The output of the detector could then be fed to a multiplicity of frequency analyzing electrical circuits or electro-mechanical vibrating members such as the reeds of a frequency meter, and in the latter instance the curve formed by one extreme position of the reed ends would rep-resent the detail of a portion of the spectrum being analyzed. It will be apparent that the transmission discs described in these specifications could be replaced by refiexion discs, which could consist of reflecting discs coated by a nonreflecting layer, out of which strips are removed to provide, in effect, reflecting slots.

It will be clear that while my invention belongs to the art of spectrography and spectrophotometry, the proper design of apparatus based on the principals disclosed here will involve heavier borrowings from the art of photography than are needed in the case of conventional spectrographs. For instance, the employment of so-called Schmidt optics in spectrographs, which, at this writing, is just beginning, will ofier far larger benefits when these benefits are two-dimensional, as in the case of my invention, than when they amount only to a lengthening of the allowable single slit length, as in the case of conventional spectrographs.

Thus, among others, the several objects of the invention as afore noted are achieved. Obviously numerous changes in construction and rearrangement of the parts might be resorted to without departing from the spirit of the invention as described above and as defined by the claims.

I claim:

1. A radiation analyzing spectrometer for passing a large amount of radiation through said spectrometer and accurately measuring a small spectral portion of said. passed radiation comprising, a multiplicity of radiation-passing entrance and exit apertures, means for directing the radiation through said apertures, a first group of entrance apertures in said multiplicity of apertures, a second group of entrance apertures in said multiplicity of apertures, a first group of exit apertures in said multiplicity of apertures, a second group of exit apertures in said multiplicity of apertures, radiation blocking spaces in between and beside the apertures of said first group of entrance apertures, radiation" blockin spaces in between and beside the apertures of said second group of entrance apertures, means for transmitting images of said entrance apertures and of said blocking spaces, said images being transmitted in said spectral portion of ,said radiation characterized by a selected wave 2. A radiation analyzing spectrometer as claimed in claim 1 in which the number of apertures of said first group of entrance apertures which are imaged in apertures on said first group of exit apertures by monochromatic radiation other than said spectral portion as characterized by said selected wave length is equal to the number of apertures of said second group of entrance apertures which are imaged on aper tures of said second group of exit apertures by monochromatic radiation other than said spectral portion as characterized by said selected wave length.

3. In combination, a spectrometer as claimeda multiplicity of output beams, means'for firstly interrupting periodically said divergent beams at different rates, means for secondly interrupting periodically said output beams at difierent rates,

a multiplicity of entrance and exit slits, and said means for periodically interrupting said beams in the form of two rotating discs with circular concentric slots to modulate the rotation passing through said entrance and exit slits.

5. In a radiation analyzing spectrometer, means for collimating a multiplicity of divergent beams of the radiation to be analyzed into substantially parallel beams, means for dispersing said substantially parallel beams, means for reconverging said dispersed beams into dispersed spectra, means for impinging said dispersed spectra on a detector for measuring said radiation, a first r0- tating opaque disc with radiation-passing concentric slots for modulating said divergent beams, a second rotating opaque disc with radiationpassing concentric slots for modulatin said dispersed spectra, arrangement of said slots to provide a relation between the slots whereby the slots on the first disc are imaged at a wavelength which is a function of the setting of the internal optical parts of said spectrometer on corresponding slots on said second disc and whereby said detector measures the radiation characterized by said wavelength passed by the slots of said sectrance elite and aseries of exit'slits, rotating transparent discs adjacent said entrance slits and said exit slits for passing the radiation which passes said slits, an opaque layer on one surface on each of said rotating discs, and transparent circular slots cut out of said opaque layer on eachof said discs corresponding to said series'of entrance and exit slits.

7. In a radiation analyzing spectrometer, means for collimating a multiplicity of divergent beams of the radiation to be analyzed into substantially parallel beams, means for dispersing said substantially parallel beams, means for reconverging said dispersed beams into dispersed spectra, detector means for receiving said dispersedspectra and measuringthe radiations of saiddispersed spectra, a series of entrance slits, a series ofexit slits, transparent rotating discs adjacent said-entrance slits and said exit slits for passing the radiation which passes said slits, an opaque layer on one surface of each of said rotating discs, discontinuous transparent slots in said opaque layers corresponding with said series of entrance and exit slits whereby every slit is masked and unmasked in turn separately and individually but in time relation to each other by passage of said discontinuous slots across said slits.

MARCEL J. E. GO-LAY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

' Number 18 UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date De Tartas et a1 May 10, 1921 Seysenegg May 5, 1936 Meier Apr. 27, 1937 Pineo Jan. 7, 1941 Akker Feb. 23, 1943 Liston May 25, 1948 Moore Oct. 19, 1948 Barnes Jan. 11, 1949 Coggeshall et a1. Mar. 1, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Number 15 348,090

Great Britain Oct. 29, 1929 

